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Lymph Node Removal for Breast Cancer Is Useless and Harmful

By Andreas Moritz

Surgical removal of lymph nodes and lymph vessels as part of standard medical procedure for breast cancer patients is not just useless, but also harmful, according to a new study published in The Journal of the American Medical Association

In this groundbreaking study, The American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 trial, 115 medical centers followed 891 women with early breast cancer and looked at the benefits of lymph node removal. The participants’ median age was […]

Disorders of the Urinary System

By Andreas Moritz

The urinary system is a very important excretory system of the body. It consists of: two kidneys which form and excrete urine; two ureters which convey the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder; a urinary bladder where urine collects and is temporarily stored; and, a urethra through which urine is discharged from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body (see Figure 1).

 

Figure 1: The Urinary System

 

Smooth […]

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